PAW trends similar to or better than retinol across key anti-aging markers.
Using HaCaT keratinocytes, significant improvements were confirmed in collagen synthesis and skin-soothing markers.
COLLAGEN DEGRADATION
PAW treatment reduced the expression of MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9, which degrade collagen and the extracellular matrix, with inhibition similar to or stronger than retinol for some markers.
MMP-1
| TNF-α+IFN-γ | 100 % |
| PAW+ 100 ppm | 20.3 % |
| PAW+ 500 ppm | 18.8 % |
| PAW+ 1,000 ppm | 16.5 % |
| Retinol 10nM | 28.5 % |
MMP-3
| TNF-α+IFN-γ | 100 % |
| PAW+ 100 ppm | 32.2 % |
| PAW+ 500 ppm | 36 % |
| PAW+ 1,000 ppm | 27.6 % |
| Retinol 10nM | 96.6 % |
MMP-9
| TNF-α+IFN-γ | 100 % |
| PAW+ 100 ppm | 13 % |
| PAW+ 500 ppm | 11.9 % |
| PAW+ 1,000 ppm | 7.9 % |
| Retinol 10nM | 22.4 % |
Key findings
PAW significantly reduced MMP expression related to collagen degradation, with inhibition similar to or stronger than retinol for some markers.
COLLAGEN PRESERVATION
PAW treatment increased COL1A and COL1A1 protein expression and reduced MMP-3, indicating changes consistent with collagen homeostasis.
COL1A
| TNF-α | 100 % |
| PAW+ 500 ppm | 290 % |
| Retinol 10 nM | 230 % |
COL1A1
| TNF-α | 100 % |
| PAW+ 500 ppm | 214 % |
| Retinol 10 nM | 88 % |
MMP-3
| TNF-α | 100 % |
| PAW+ 500 ppm | 24 % |
| Retinol 10 nM | 31 % |
Key findings
PAW increased collagen-related protein expression and reduced MMP-3, trending similar to or better than retinol for some markers.
CELLULAR SIGNALING
PAW treatment regulated phosphorylation of the MAPK pathway (p38, ERK, JNK) activated by TNF-α.
p-p38
| TNF-α | 100 % |
| PAW+ | 59.7 % |
| Retinol | 97.3 % |
p-ERK
| TNF-α | 100 % |
| PAW+ | 66.7 % |
| Retinol | 67.3 % |
p-JNK
| TNF-α | 100 % |
| PAW+ | 76.9 % |
| Retinol | 104.3 % |
Key findings
PAW regulated activity of the aging-related MAPK pathway, with inhibition comparable to retinol for some markers.
Proposed anti-aging mechanism